1. Theobromine, a natural compound found in cocoa and chocolate, offers significant health benefits, including enhanced cardiovascular function (lowering blood pressure), improved brain function, and potential anti-inflammatory effects. As a mild stimulant, it improves focus and mood without the severe jittery side effects of caffeine, while also acting as a vasodilator and cough suppressant.
2. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a potent antioxidant and energy-promoting compound essential for cellular function, particularly in high-energy organs like the heart. Key benefits include improving congestive heart failure symptoms, lowering blood pressure, reducing statin-induced muscle pain, preventing migraines, and potentially boosting fertility.
3. Astaxanthin is a potent, natural red-pigmented carotenoid antioxidant found in microalgae and seafood, recognized for its strong anti-inflammatory and cellular-protective properties. It supports skin, eye, heart, and brain health, with studies suggesting improvements in skin elasticity, eye fatigue, cognitive function, and immune response.
4. Pterostilbene is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound found in blueberries and grapes, known for superior bioavailability compared to resveratrol. It supports the body by combating oxidative stress, promoting cognitive health, reducing inflammation, managing blood sugar/cholesterol, and offering potential anti-cancer properties.
5. TMG
Cardiovascular Health: TMG is highly effective at reducing homocysteine, a compound that, when high, can lead to cardiovascular issues. It is widely used to maintain healthy blood pressure and cardiovascular function.
Athletic Performance and Body Composition: TMG is known to boost muscle power, strength, and endurance, particularly in combination with high-intensity training. It can help enhance muscle protein synthesis and reduce fatigue. Studies also suggest it can reduce total body fat mass.
Liver Health: TMG helps improve fatty liver conditions and protects the liver by encouraging healthy function and reducing alcohol damage.
Cellular Protection and Inflammation: As an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, TMG (a known osmolyte) helps protect cells against stress and maintains cellular hydration.
Insulin Sensitivity: It can aid in improving insulin resistance, potentially helping with better metabolism.
Representative axial T1-weighted spin-echo thigh MRI scans in (A) a 61-year-old female participant and (B) a 62-year-old female participant. Both participants were of similar age and body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared). Both had Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly scores above the mean score in the study. According to the World Health Organization definition, the participant in B qualified as having abdominal obesity (abdominal circumference ≥ 88 cm). Abdominal circumference is a measure of central obesity that captures fat distribution and serves as an indicator of cardiometabolic health. Compared with the participant in A, the participant in B had a higher proportion of ultra-processed food (UPF) in their diet (87.1% vs 29.5%) and exhibited fattier thigh muscles bilaterally, with Goutallier grade (GG) for all thigh muscles summing to 25 for the participant in A and 38 for the participant in B.
Credit: Radiological Society of North America (RSNA)
OAK BROOK, Ill. – Researchers found that a diet high in ultra-processed foods is associated with higher amounts of fat stored inside thigh muscles, regardless of calorie or fat intake, physical activity or sociodemographic factors in a population at risk for knee osteoarthritis. Results of the study were published today in Radiology, a journal of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA). Higher amounts of intramuscular fat in the thigh could potentially increase the risk for knee osteoarthritis.
Ultra-processed foods usually have longer shelf lives and can be highly appealing and convenient. They contain a combination of sugar, fat, salt and carbohydrates which affect the brain’s reward system, making it hard to stop eating. These foods include breakfast cereals, margarines/spreads, packaged snacks, hot dogs, soft drinks and energy drinks, candies and desserts, frozen pizzas, ready-to-eat meals, mass-produced packaged breads and buns, which all include synthesized ingredients.
“Over the past decades, in parallel to the rising prevalences of obesity and knee osteoarthritis, the use of natural ingredients in our diets has steadily diminished and been replaced by industrially-processed, artificially flavored, colored and chemically altered food and beverages, which are classified as ultra-processed foods,” said the study’s lead author, Zehra Akkaya, M.D., researcher and consultant for the Clinical & Translational Musculoskeletal Imaging group at University of California, San Francisco, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging.
Dr. Akkaya and the research team set out to assess the relationship of ultra-processed food intake and intramuscular fat in the thigh.
For the study, researchers analyzed data from 615 individuals who participated in the Osteoarthritis Initiative who were not yet affected by osteoarthritis, based on imaging. The Osteoarthritis Initiative is a nationwide research study, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, that helps researchers better understand how to prevent and treat knee osteoarthritis.
“Osteoarthritis is an increasingly prevalent and costly global health issue,” Dr. Akkaya said. “It constitutes one of the largest non-cancer-related health care costs in the United States and around the world. It is highly linked to obesity and unhealthy lifestyle choice.”
Of the 615 individuals, (275 men, 340 women) the average age was 60 years. On average, participants were overweight with a body mass index (BMI) of 27. Approximately 41% of the foods they consumed over the prior year were ultra-processed.
The researchers found that the more ultra-processed foods people consumed, the more intramuscular fat they had in their thigh muscles, regardless of caloric intake. On MRI, this can be seen as fatty degeneration of the muscle, where streaks of fat replace muscle fibers.
“In addition to investigating the quality of our modern diet in relationship to thigh muscle composition, in this study, we used widely available, non-enhanced MRI, making our approach accessible and practical for routine clinical use and future studies,” Dr. Akkaya said. “These MRIs do not require advanced or costly technology, which means they can be easily incorporated into standard diagnostic practices.”
By exploring how ultra-processed food consumption impacts muscle composition, this study provides valuable insights into dietary influences on muscle health.
“This research underscores the vital role of nutrition in muscle quality in the context of knee osteoarthritis,” Dr. Akkaya said. “Addressing obesity is a primary objective and frontline treatment for knee osteoarthritis, yet the findings from this research emphasize that dietary quality warrants greater attention, and weight loss regimens should take into account diet quality beyond caloric restriction and exercise.”
Targeting modifiable lifestyle factors—mainly prevention of obesity via a healthy, balanced diet and adequate exercise—has been the mainstay of initial management for knee osteoarthritis.
In addition to other health benefits, reducing ultra-processed food consumption may help preserve muscle quality which in turn could alleviate the burden of knee osteoarthritis.
“In recent years, several researchers have shown detrimental impacts of ultra-processed food on various health outcomes but data on the relationship of ultra-processed food and body composition in the context of knee osteoarthritis is limited,” Dr. Akkaya said. “This is the first study assessing ultra-processed food’s impact on thigh muscle composition using MRI. By exploring how ultra-processed food consumption impacts muscle composition, this study provides valuable insights into dietary influences on muscle health."
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“Ultra-processed Foods and Muscle Fat Infiltration at Thigh MRI: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative.” Collaborating with Dr. Akkaya were Gabby B. Joseph, Ph.D., Katharina Ziegeler, M.D., Wynton M. Sims, M.D., M.P.H., John A. Lynch, Ph.D., Virginie Kreutzinger, M.D., Charles E. McCulloch, Ph.D., Nancy E. Lane, M.D., Michael C. Nevitt, Ph.D., and Thomas M. Link, M.D., Ph.D.
Radiology is edited by Suhny Abbara, M.D., FACR, MSCCT, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, and owned and published by the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. (https://pubs.rsna.org/journal/radiology)
RSNA is an association of radiologists, radiation oncologists, medical physicists and related scientists promoting excellence in patient care and health care delivery through education, research and technologic innovation. The Society is based in Oak Brook, Illinois. (RSNA.org)
For patient-friendly information on musculoskeletal MRI, visit RadiologyInfo.org.
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Radiology
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People
Article Title
Ultra-processed Foods and Muscle Fat Infiltration at Thigh MRI: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Alignment with ‘eveningness’ or ‘morningness’ lowered risk factors and boosted sleep quality more effectively than mismatched timing; Include chronotype assessment in exercise prescriptions, suggest the researchers
Timing exercise to match body clock chronotype—the natural predisposition to morning or evening alertness—may lower cardiovascular disease risk among those who are already vulnerable, suggests research published in the open access journal Open Heart.
Chronotype alignment boosted sleep quality and lowered risk factors, such as high blood pressure, fasting glucose, and ‘bad’ cholesterol, more effectively than mismatched exercise timing, the trial results indicate.
The findings prompt the researchers to suggest that individual chronotype assessment should be included in exercise prescriptions for those who are at risk of cardiovascular disease.
Exercise lowers the risks of heart disease/stroke and diabetes, and whether someone is naturally a morning lark or a night owl—an innate disposition that affects sleep-wake patterns, hormone secretion, and energy availability across the day—influences exercise performance and adherence, explain the researchers.
But it’s not clear if the benefits of exercise might depend on its timing relative to a person’s chronotype.
To find out, they assessed the chronotypes of 150 people aged between 40 and 60, using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and 48 hour core body temperature.
All the participants had at least one cardiovascular risk factor, such as high blood pressure, overweight or obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle (no or minimal structured physical activity in the past 3 months).
Participants with a family history of premature cardiovascular disease (58; 43%) were also included. This was defined as affecting a first degree male relative before the age of 55 or a first degree female relative before the age of 65.
They were randomly assigned to exercising at a time that either matched their chronotype or at a time that didn’t, between 8:00 to 11:00 hours or between 18:00 to 21:00 hours. They were asked to do 5 sessions of supervised moderate intensity aerobic exercise (brisk/treadmill walking), each lasting 40 minutes, every week for 12 weeks.
In all, 134 participants completed all 60 exercise sessions: 70 were morning larks, 34 of whom had been matched to their chronotype; 64 were night owls, 30 of whom had been matched to their chronotype.
Blood pressure, heart rate variability, fasting glucose, VO₂ max (maximal oxygen consumption during exertion), ‘bad’ (LDL) cholesterol levels, and sleep quality were all measured before the start of the trial and 3 days after it finished.
Analysis of the results showed that cardiovascular disease risk factors, aerobic fitness, and sleep quality improved in both groups after 12 weeks.
But matching exercise with chronotype produced larger improvements in blood pressure, autonomic function (involuntary bodily processes, including heart rate), aerobic capacity, metabolic markers, and sleep quality than mismatched exercise.
These improvements were especially noticeable in sleep quality—an increase of 3.4 compared with 1.2 points—and systolic blood pressure—the higher of the two numbers in a reading.
This fell by 10.8 mm Hg in those whose exercise sessions had been matched to their chronotype compared with a drop of 5.5 mm Hg among those whose exercise sessions had been mismatched.
The fall in systolic blood pressure was even larger among those who had high blood pressure to begin with: their systolic blood pressure fell by an average of 13.6 mm Hg compared with 7.1 mm Hg in those whose exercise sessions had been mismatched.
Although improvements were observed across both chronotypes, overall, the effects were larger among morning larks than among night owls.
The researchers acknowledge that the study participants were drawn only from government hospitals in Lahore and that those with intermediate chronotypes were excluded, which may limit the wider applicability of the findings.
But their findings echo those of other studies, they point out: “This study adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that the timing of exercise when aligned with an individual’s internal biological clock can significantly enhance health outcomes,” they write.
“Aligning exercise with chronotype may entrain peripheral clocks in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and vasculature more effectively, enhancing metabolic efficiency and reducing inflammation, both critical factors in cardiometabolic health,” they explain.
And they conclude: “Integrating the principle of ‘chrono-exercise,’ scheduling workouts according to an individual’s internal biological clock, may offer a novel and impactful approach to enhancing outcomes in preventive cardiovascular and metabolic health.”
Commenting on the findings, Dr Rajiv Sankaranarayanan, of the British Cardiovascular Society, which co-owns Open Heart, said: “From a UK perspective, this study’s findings are highly relevant to preventive cardiology within the NHS, where scalable, cost-effective interventions are essential. Incorporating simple chronotype assessment into lifestyle advice could enhance adherence and outcomes, particularly in patients with hypertension or cardiometabolic risk.
“However, before widespread implementation, validation in more diverse, real-world UK populations (including shift workers and multi-ethnic cohorts), is needed. Overall, this study supports a shift toward more personalised, circadian-informed exercise prescriptions in routine cardiovascular care.”
Anew studypublished inOtolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, the official peer-reviewed publication of the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAO-HNSF), finds that two common and treatable causes ofconductive hearing loss—eardrum perforations andcholesteatoma, a type of abnormal skin growth in the middle ear—are associated with higher odds of dementia. Notably, the study also found that treatment, whether through surgery or hearing aids, was associated with a reduction in that elevated risk.
The findings, first presented at the AAO-HNSF 2025 Annual Meeting & OTO EXPO in Indianapolis, Indiana, add to a growing body of evidence linking hearing loss to cognitive decline and raise an important question: if the underlying cause of hearing loss is treatable, could treating it help protect the brain?
"We have known for some time that untreated hearing loss is related to worse cognition in adults. This study shows that specific forms of surgically addressable hearing loss are also adversely related to cognition. But what is most exciting is that treatment with routine surgery may improve both the hearing and possibly reduce the risk of dementia,” said Justin S. Golub, MD, MS, corresponding author on the paper from the Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center.
Researchers at Columbia University and the University of Utah analyzed data from more than 363,000 participants in the All of Us Research Program, a large and diverse national health dataset sponsored by the National Institutes of Health. They found that participants with eardrum perforations had more than twice the odds of dementia compared to those without, and those with cholesteatoma had nearly twice the odds. Otosclerosis, a condition affecting the bones of the middle ear, was not significantly associated with dementia in this study.
Importantly, when surgical treatment was accounted for in the analysis, the association between cholesteatoma and dementia became nonsignificant. Treatment with hearing aids also reduced the association for both conditions, suggesting that restoring hearing, whether through surgery or devices, may play a meaningful role in lowering dementia risk.
The numbers are sobering: nearly 80 per cent of the world's teenagers don't get enough physical activity, according to the World Health Organization. But a new longitudinal study from Université de Montréal suggests the seeds of that sedentary lifestyle — or an active one — may be sown much earlier than anyone realized. Like when a child is two and a half years old.
Led by doctoral researcher Kianoush Harandian and UdeM psycho-education professor Linda S. Pagani, in collaboration with internationally recognized physical activity expert Dr. Mark Tremblay of the University of Ottawa, the study finds that three simple movement habits in toddlerhood — active play with parents, limited screen time and sufficient sleep — significantly predict a more physically active lifestyle a full decade later.
"When we analyzed the data, we found that fewer than one child in ten naturally met all three daily movement recommendations: active play, limited screens and enough sleep," said Harandian. "And yet these early habits matter enormously. They lay the foundation for how children will choose to spend their time as adolescents."
Nearly 1,700 children, followed for over a decade
The study draws on data from 1,668 children — 849 boys and 819 girls — enrolled in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD), a population-based cohort of children born in 1997–98 and coordinated by the Institut de la statistique du Québec.
At age 2.5, parents reported how often they engaged in active leisure with their child, how much time the child spent in front of screens each day — television, video, computers and video games — and how long the child slept on average, naps included. Those same children were then surveyed at age 12 about their outdoor play habits and physical activity levels during leisure time.
To rule out alternative explanations, the researchers controlled for a wide range of factors that could influence the results: the child's temperament, body mass index and neurocognitive abilities, as well as maternal depressive symptoms, education level, family structure and household income, among others. Analyses were conducted separately for boys and girls to account for their distinct developmental trajectories.
What sets this study apart
The question of whether early childhood habits predict adolescent lifestyle is not new. But the scientific evidence, until now, has been thin. Most previous studies offered only a snapshot in time, without following children over the long term.
What distinguishes this research is the strength of its case: a representative population cohort, more than ten years of follow-up, rigorous controls for individual and family factors, and sex-specific analysis. Together, these elements make it possible, for the first time, to say with confidence that movement habits formed at age 2.5 have measurable ripple effects a decade down the road.
Habits that hold — ten years on
The results are striking. Children who played actively with a parent every day, or who spent fewer than an hour in front of a screen, were significantly more physically active at the start of adolescence.
Concretely, each additional "good" movement habit at age 2.5 was associated with roughly five more minutes of outdoor play per day at age 12 — for both boys and girls. Among girls, active play, limited screen time and adequate sleep at two and a half were also linked to higher levels of leisure-time physical activity at greater intensity and frequency.
These associations held up even after accounting for all pre-existing individual and family factors — which substantially strengthens the findings.
"Active parent-child time — playing, moving, being physically engaged together — appears to be the single most powerful lever for establishing healthy long-term habits," said Harandian. "Those shared experiences help children associate movement with enjoyment, motivation and routine."
Girls in early adolescence: a window of particular vulnerability
The findings also illuminate a troubling reality: at adolescence, girls are especially at risk of becoming sedentary. By age 12, only 14.9 per cent of girls in the cohort were considered active in their leisure time, compared with 24.5 per cent of boys. By limiting their daughter's screen time early and engaging actively in her play, parents appear to lower the barriers to an active lifestyle — and plant the seeds of lasting physical engagement.
A clear message for families and policymakers
"Family habits breed individual habits across a child's entire development," said Pagani. "By encouraging active play, setting boundaries around screens and prioritizing quality sleep from the earliest years, parents exert a durable, measurable influence on their children's long-term well-being."
The study calls for broader dissemination of WHO guidelines for children under five — at least 180 minutes of physical activity per day, no more than one hour of sedentary screen time, and 11 to 14 hours of sleep — and makes the case for hospitals, schools and public health organizations to target family lifestyle habits from the very start.
Beingphysically fit improves our health and keeps illness at bay. This relationship has long been assumed for numerous disorders, but until now there has been no scientific evidence demonstrating a causal link between the beneficial effects of physical exercise and a reduced risk of becoming ill. A new study, published in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, has now confirmed this. The research was led by a team from the Hospital del Mar Research Institute and Universitat Ramon Llull and has established a relationship between genetics associated with good cardiorespiratory fitness and around thirty diseases.
"Our study results indicate that there is a potentially causal effect between good physical fitness-through good cardiorespiratory fitness-and good health", explains Eleonora Fornara, a researcher at the Hospital del Mar Research Institute and the Blanquerna Faculty of Health Sciences at Universitat Ramon Llull. To reach this conclusion, the research team studied the association between genetic predisposition to higher cardiorespiratory capacity-understood as the body's ability to respond efficiently to physical exertion-and the occurrence of 712 health conditions for which genetic information was available in a European population. Due to the exploratory nature of the study, the results were validated in a two-phase analysis using strict filters to avoid false positives, ultimately selecting 34 conditions. "For the first time, we have been able to establish a potential direct cause-and-effect relationship between being fit and numerous diseases through complex genetic analyses",Eleonora Fornara adds.
The results show that individuals with a high genetic predisposition to be physically fit have a lower risk of certain cardiovascular conditions, such as a specific type of ischemic stroke. They also exhibit less arterial stiffness and lower diastolic blood pressure. At the same time, they show better health in metabolic and inflammatory aspects, with less excess weight and body fat, and a reduced risk of developing diabetes and asthma, along with improved bone health and better liver function. Various markers related to thrombosis and platelets also improve, as well as those linked to academic performance.
On the other hand, the study confirmed some negative effects already known in people who engage in intense exercise, such as a higher risk of atrial fibrillation and increased systolic blood pressure.
"Our findings reinforce the evidence that engaging in physical activity and maintaining good physical fitness has a preventive effect on our health", says Dr. Marta Hernández, also a researcher at the Blanquerna Faculty of Health Sciences at Universitat Ramon Llull. In this regard, Dr. Álvaro Hernáez, a researcher at the Hospital del Mar Research Institute and the Cardiovascular Diseases area of CIBER (CIBERCV), and a professor at the same faculty, states: "We have verified the observational evidence available until now and demonstrated that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between good physical fitness and good health. Therefore, we can say that recommendations encouraging people to improve their physical fitness are supported by scientific evidence, and we can promote public health actions and primary care recommendations-because it works”.
Eating a healthful plant-based diet is associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer’s and other dementias, while eating an unhealthful plant-based diet is associated with a higher risk.
The study does not prove that eating a higher quality plant-based diet causes a lower risk of dementia, it only shows an association.
A healthful plant-based diet prioritizes whole grains, fruits, vegetables, vegetable oils, nuts, legumes, tea and coffee.
An unhealthful plant-based diet includes added sugars, fruit juices, refined grains, and potatoes that tend to be eaten as part of fast foods or processed meals in the United States.
Researchers also found that people who changed their diets to be more unhealthy over 10 years had a higher risk of dementia during the study, while people whose diets changed to be less unhealthy had a lower risk of dementia.
The authors say adopting a plant-based diet, even starting at an older age, for example over 60 years, and refraining from low-quality plant-based diets are associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer’s and other dementias.
MINNEAPOLIS — Eating a higher quality plant-based diet is associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other related dementias compared to eating a lower quality plant-based diet, according to a study published April 8, 2026, in Neurology®, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology. While the study shows an association based on observations, it does not prove that a higher quality plant-based diet causes a lower risk of dementia.
Researchers looked at three plant-based diets. The overall plant-based diet prioritizes eating more plant foods than animal products like meat, milk and eggs, without looking at quality. The healthful plant-based diet prioritizes healthy plant foods like whole grains, fruits, vegetables, vegetable oils, nuts, legumes and tea and coffee. The unhealthful plant-based diet includes less healthy plant foods like refined grains, fruit juices, potatoes and added sugars. Researchers did not look at vegetarian or vegan diets.
“Plant-based diets have been shown to be beneficial in reducing the risk of diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure, but less is known about the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias,” said study author Song-Yi Park, PhD, of the University of Hawaii at Manoa’s Cancer Center in Honolulu. “Our study found that the quality of a plant-based diet mattered, with a higher quality diet associated with a reduced risk, and a lower quality diet associated with an increased risk.”
The study involved 92,849 people with an average age of 59 at the start of the study. It included African American, Japanese American, Latino, Native Hawaiian and white participants. They were followed for an average of 11 years. During that time, 21,478 people developed Alzheimer’s disease or another related dementia.
Participants completed food questionnaires at the start of the study. Researchers determined how well people’s diets resembled the overall plant-based diet, the healthful plant-based diet and the unhealthful plant-based diet, by reviewing how many healthy and less healthy plant foods they ate, as well as animal fats, meat, dairy, eggs, fish and seafood. Participants were each given three scores based on how closely they followed the three plant-based diets.
Researchers then ranked the participants into five subgroups for each of the three diet scores.
After adjusting for factors like age, physical activity and diabetes, researchers found that when comparing people based on their score for the overall plant-based diet, the top subgroup who ate the most plant foods had a 12% lower risk of dementia compared to the lowest subgroup. When people were compared based on their score for the healthful plant-based diet, the top subgroup had a 7% lower risk compared to the lowest subgroup. And when compared based on their score for the unhealthful plant-based diet, the top subgroup who ate the most unhealthy plant foods had a 6% higher risk of dementia than the lowest subgroup.
Among a smaller group of 45,065 participants who reported their diet again after 10 years, 8,360 participants later developed dementia. Researchers looked at diet changes over time. When compared to people whose diets didn’t change, people whose diets changed the most toward following an unhealthful diet had a 25% higher risk of dementia while those whose diets changed the most away from following an unhealthful diet had an 11% lower risk.
“We found that adopting a plant-based diet, even starting at an older age, and refraining from low-quality plant-based diets were associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer’s and other dementias,” said Park. “Our findings highlight that it is important not only to follow a plant-based diet, but also to ensure that the diet is of high quality.”
A limitation of the study was that researchers evaluated the diets based on food questionnaires completed by participants, but participants may not remember every detail of their diets accurately.
The study was supported by the National Institute on Aging and the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health.
Discover more about Alzheimer’s disease at Brain & Life®, from the American Academy of Neurology. This resource also offers a website, podcast, and books that connect patients, caregivers and anyone interested in brain health with the most trusted information, straight from the world’s leading experts in brain health. Follow Brain & Life on Facebook, X, and Instagram.
The American Academy of Neurology is the leading voice in brain health. As the world’s largest association of neurologists and neuroscience professionals with more than 44,000 members, the AAN provides access to the latest news, science and research affecting neurology for patients, caregivers, physicians and professionals alike. The AAN’s mission is to enhance member career fulfillment and promote brain health for all. A neurologist is a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis, care and treatment of brain, spinal cord and nervous system diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, concussion, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, headache and migraine.
