Women who are anxious,
jealous, or moody and distressed in middle age may be at a higher risk of
developing Alzheimer's disease later in life, according to a nearly
40-year-long study published in the October 1, 2014, online issue of Neurology®,
the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.
"Most Alzheimer's research has been
devoted to factors such as education, heart and blood risk factors, head
trauma, family history and genetics," said study author Lena Johannsson,
PhD, of the University of Gothenburg in Gothenburg, Sweden. "Personality
may influence the individual's risk for dementia through its effect on
behavior, lifestyle or reactions to stress."
For the study, 800 women with an average age
of 46 were followed for 38 years and given personality tests that looked at
their level of neuroticism and extraversion or introversion, along with memory
tests. Of those, 19 percent developed dementia.
Neuroticism involves being easily distressed
and personality traits such as worrying, jealousy or moodiness. People who are
neurotic are more likely to express anger, guilt, envy, anxiety or depression.
Introversion is described as shyness and reserve and extraversion is associated
with being outgoing.
The women were also asked if they had
experienced any period of stress that lasted one month or longer in their work,
health, or family situation. Stress referred to feelings of irritability,
tension, nervousness, fear, anxiety or sleep disturbances. Responses were
categorized as zero to five, with zero representing never experiencing any
period of stress, to five, experiencing constant stress during the last five
years. Women who chose responses from 3 and 5 were considered to have distress.
The study found that women who scored
highest on the tests for neuroticism had double the risk of developing dementia
compared to those who scored lowest on the tests. However, the link depended on
long-standing stress.
Being either withdrawn or outgoing did not
appear to raise dementia risk alone, however, women who were both easily
distressed and withdrawn had the highest risk of Alzheimer's disease in the
study. A total of 16 of the 63 women, or 25 percent, who were easily distressed
and withdrawn developed Alzheimer's disease, compared to eight out of the 64
people, or 13 percent, of those who were not easily distressed and were outgoing.
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